From the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

AUTHORS
Gizem Ceylan, Yale University
Ian A. Anderson, University of Southern California
Wendy Wood, University of Southern California

SIGNIFICANCE
Misinformation is a worldwide concern carrying socioeconomic and political consequences. What drives its spread?. The answer lies in the reward structure on social media that encourages users to form habits of sharing news that engages others and attracts social recognition. Once users form these sharing habits, they respond automatically to recurring cues within the site and are relatively insensitive to the informational consequences of the news shared, whether the news is false or conflicts with their own political beliefs. However, habitual sharing of misinformation is not inevitable: We show that users can be incentivized to build sharing habits that are sensitive to truth value. Thus, reducing misinformation requires changing the online environments that promote and support its sharing.

ABSTRACT
Why do people share misinformation on social media? In this research (N = 2,476), we show that the structure of online sharing built into social platforms is more important than individual deficits in critical reasoning and partisan bias—commonly cited drivers of misinformation. Due to the reward-based learning systems on social media, users form habits of sharing information that attracts others' attention. Once habits form, information sharing is automatically activated by cues on the platform without users considering response outcomes such as spreading misinformation. As a result of user habits, 30 to 40% of the false news shared in our research was due to the 15% most habitual news sharers. Suggesting that sharing of false news is part of a broader response pattern established by social media platforms, habitual users also shared information that challenged their own political beliefs.

The online sharing of misinformation has become a worldwide concern with serious economic, political, and social consequences. Most recently, misinformation has hindered acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines and mitigation measures (1). Misinformation can be defined in various ways (2), and in the present research, we focus on information content that has no factual basis (i.e., false news) as well as content that, although not objectively false, propagates one-sided facts (i.e., partisan-biased news). Such misinformation changes perceptions of and creates confusion about reality (3, 4). What drives the online spread of misinformation? MORE

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